The use of ICT on Languages 2

The Role of the Information and Communications Technology Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity

 A number of factor distinguish the ICT sector in its potential to expand economic opportunity. First, its products and services enable individuals, firms, governments, and other players to expand their economic opportunities as well as create them for others.

ICT companies know well this dynamic isn’t automatic, but rather depend on a wide range of other factors and players. This interdependence has led them to take network or ecosystem strategies which often create large numbers of business opportunities for others, underlying these ecosystem strategies are a fundamental collaborative capability and culture.

 

The role of ICT Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity

The Information and Communication Technology sector has been a pioneer and a powerful catalyst in addressing the needs and interests of low-income communities in developing countries.In the 1980s, “universal access” was a goal, but not the reality of the legacy PTTs (post, telephone and telegraph services). Today, the sector includes hardware, software, the Internet, telephony and content, application and support service, provided by entities ranging from corporate giants to garage entrepreneurs.ICT:* Reduce transaction costs and thereby improve productivity* Offer immediate connectivity- voice, data, visual- improving efficiency, transparency and accuracy* Substitute for other, more expensive means of communicating and transacting, such as physical travel.* Increase choice in the market place and provide access to otherwise unavailable goods and services.* Widen the geographic scope of potential markets, and channel knowledge and information of all kinds. 
ICTs require clean and consistent power, a robust, accessible and affordable connectivity network, technical literacy, skilled users and support systems, functional markets, and supportive regulatory and policy frameworks.
ICTs among low-income consumers and households will continue to grow:1. Technological capacity and capabilities continue to expand, and costs continue to fall.2. ICTs become cheaper and more powerful
3. Economic opportunity expands.

 

An Effective use of ICT for Education and Learning by Drawing on Worldwide Knowledge, Research, and Experience: ICT as a Change Agent for Education

ICTs have become within a very short time, one of the basic building blocks of modern society.

Computers and their application play a significant role in modern information management, other technologies and/or systems also comprise of the phenomenon that is commonly regarded as ICTs.The field of education has been affected by ICTs, which have undoubtedly affected teaching, learning, and research.Initially computers were used to teach computer programming but the development of the microprocessor in the early 1970s saw the introduction of affordable microcomputers into schools at a rapid rate. 

ICT enhancing teaching and learning process 

According to Zhao and Cziko (2001) three conditions are necessary for teachers to introduce ICT into their classrooms:

teachers should believe in the effectiveness of technology, 

teachers should believe that the use of technology will not cause any disturbances. 

teachers should believe that they have control over technology.

ICT enhancing the quality and accessibility of education

One of the most vital contributions of ICT in the field of education is- Easy Access to Learning. With the help of ICT, students can now browse through e-books, sample examination papers, previous year papers etc. and can also have an easy access to resource persons, mentors, experts, researchers, professionals, and peers-all over the world.

The Role of the Information and Communicatios Technology and translation competende

It is something that distinguishes a bilingual person from a professional translator. The competence needed to translate has also evolved due to different factors, mainly technological factors. In order to be a competent translator it is necessary to be computer literate and to keep one’s information technologies skills updated. Competence is the combination of skills, attitudes and behavior  that leads to an individual being able to perform a certain task to a given level. TRANSLATION COMPETENCE MODELThe bilingual sub-competence consists of the underlying systems of knowledge and skills that are needed for linguistic communication to take place in two languages. The extra-linguistic sub-competence is made up of encyclopedic, thematic and bicultural knowledge. The translation knowledge sub-competence is knowledge of the principlesguiding translation, such as processes, methods, procedures, and so forth. GENERAL ICTS FOR TRANSLATORS. The Internet. One of the most important tools offered by the Internet arethe search and location information engines. They allow to access in a few seconds to an enormous quantity of interrelated information. Further, the usefulness of these tools in our work as medical translator will be explained. The use of corpus linguistics. It is classified in two types:  1. The monolingual corpora (for example Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual) of the Royal   Spanish Academy.  2. Bilingual corpora, it is divided in parallel corpus and comparable corpus. Concordance generator programs. They can find all the times that a certain term appears in a text or in several texts written in electronic format. 

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The use of ICT on Languages 1

ICT for sustaintable developmennt.

Global development has been unequal, even though the trends in human development are generally positive.
ICTs already empower billions of individuals around the world, and will be of critical importance as the global community meets to charter a new path for sustainable development in the 21st century.

ICT has an increasing role to play. This because during 1995 to 2002 the US had an impressive overall growth…one third of this growth was attributable to ICT.An estimated onethird of the world has never made a phone call and only one tenht have used the internet.Challenges:

Access is a several bottleneck for increased ICT use. But we all know that telecommunication cost are the largest component.Robustness:Telecommunications equipment is designed to have “five 9s” of realiability, 99.999% uptime, or just 5 minutes of downtime per year.Control of internet is everything.Internet Governance is closed linked to what we want the Internet to do.​Some changes may be required to make it more inclusive, reliable, and responsive to users needs. We often use internet just as an working saver and not as a tool.

Economic models, markets and role of ICT 
Market-driven models alone will not push ICT into developing regions.​ Leapfrogging into advanced technologies offers strong potential for cost-effective deployment.​ Developing regions area large but untapped market but, their needs are not neccesarily the same as in developed regions.

ICT provides businesses with avenues that allow them to remain competitive in local and global economies. Typically the ICT components have included email, phones, mobile devices, fax machines, and video communication, yet the list keeps growing with the advancement of technology and the increased availability of disruptive technology in the vast international market.

Factor affecting teachers' use of ITC 

Information and communication technologies can change, simulate, gather, transmit. ​

-Teacher: Should become effective agent to be able to make use of technology in the classroom. ​-Training program: Technology should be used as a tool to support the educational objectives.

Learning environments.

-Teaching as a objetc of study

-And as aspect of a discipline

to:support, subject of study and create new curriculum

Available Support & Computer Attributes

• Teachers did not want to use computers because they were not sure where to turn for help when something went wrong while using computers. Some of this teacher didn't have an computer education.
• Computer acces has often been one of the most important obstacles to technology adoption and integration worldwide.​
• Teachers who had computers were more likely to use them in instruction than teachers who did not; more than 50% of teachers who had computers used them for research and activities related to lesson preparation.
• The lack of funds to obtain the necessary hardware and software is one of te reasons teachers do not use technology in their clases.

Guskey: Summative evaluation: is conducted after the activity. Allows participants to judge the overall merit or worth of the activity and givrs decision makers the information they need to plan for the future.The formative evaluationis conducted during the professional development activity. Provides feedback and changes that can be made to make it more valuable to participating educators.​

Freire: Schools are enslaving schools in search of freedom.
Vigotsky: learn a language through social context.

Bourdieu: school system in people is a process of indoctrination which is the basis of cultural and social reproduction, in this sense, those who do not acquire this training are "excluded" or "discriminated against" because the system imposed a dominant culture, which involves giving up their own culture, in other words undergo a set of rules, values ​​and beliefs that are often aren't similar with their lifestyle .

ICT for Translation and Interpreting: the relevance of new technologies for the training of expert linguists.
The demand for well prepared linguists is increasing in this globalized world.
Production and accessibility
Many of the researchers and teachers exploring the model of situated learning have accepted that the computer can provide an alternative to real-life setting, and that such technology can be used without sacrificing the authentic context which is a critical element of the model.
 Professional skills
wiki-uses: Wikis facilitate targeted coaching and scaffolding. The exercises described are completed by feedback provided by the lecturer (using a different colour for annotations). Specific grammar or language issue can be corrected in detail.
Being a good translator requires a lot of skills and practices but technology is a very useful tool in translation.
Learning experience
The reflexive and critical dimension, which will foster flexibility and an awareness of professional skills in expert linguists, can be further enhanced by ICT, in particular for interpreting. Access to professional booths is limited during the training and after, but graduates need to keep those skills up.
The variety of pedagogical tools provided by these new technologies (ITC) facilitate the production of authentic materials, enabling a valuable situated learning approach.

History of ICT

Premechanical Age

The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

Time which various systems were made that didn't need any mechanical effort, so it is called the pre-mechanical age of computers.

-Comminications:

Drawings 

Speaking

-Input tecnologies

Write their symbols in a kind of stone (like a wall) 

Papyrus (paper made of plants)

Paper rag

-Numeric Systems

Abacus first calculator

Petroglyph

lso during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.

Abacus


Napier's bones was originally made by the Scottish mathematician John Napier in 1614. The tool consists of rectangular wooden rods, which are each marked with a number at the top, with the multiples of that number listed below down the rod. By aligning the rows, multiples of the top number of the rod can be read from right to left, by adding the digits of each parallelogram in the designated row. Through this mechanism, multiplication sums are transformed into addition sums.


Napier's bones

The mechanical era

Can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.

The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far as the early 17th century. Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibnitz.

The first multipurpose, i.e. programmable, computing device was probably Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never completed. A more ambitious machine was the Analytical Engine. It was designed in 1842, but unfortunately it also was only partially completed by Babbage. Babbage. was truly a man ahead of his time: many historians think the major reason he was unable to complete these projects was the fact that the technology of the day was not reliable enough. In spite of never building a complete working machine, Babbage and his colleagues, most notably Ada, Countess of Lovelace, recognized several important programming techniques, including conditional branches, iterative loops and index.

 

The design describes a machine to calculate a series of values and print results automatically in a table.

Objective is to automatically compute mathematical tables

Addition was the only operation performed.

Difference engines are strictly calculators. 

They cannot be used for general arithmetical calculation.

They crunch numbers the only way they know how - by repeated addition according to the method of finite differences. 

However, using only addition, a large number of useful functions can be calculated by a technique called the method of finite differences.

Analytical Engine.

Analytical Engine

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine,the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. Pascal invented the machine for his father, a tax collector, so it was the first business machine too (if one does not count the abacus). He built 50 of them over the next 10 years.

 Arithmetic Machine

Mark I was designed in 1937 by a Harvard graduate student, Howard H. Aiken to solve advanced mathematical physics problems encountered in his research. Aiken’s ambitious proposal envisioned the use of modified, commercially-available technologies coordinated by a central control system. Until 1945, “computer” was a job description for a person who performed mathematical operations for large-scale projects. The existence of new machines like Mark I created the need for a word to describe them. Around 1945, people started redefining such new machines as “computers.”



The Difference Engine

Electromechanical age

(1840-1940)

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this perdios. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. The beginnings of telecommunication.

History of Telegraph
The telegraph created the character of our current information age. It broke the connection between communication and transportation. Prior to the telegraph, the speed of communication was the speed of a train--about 35 miles per hour! The telegraph dropped it to just a few seconds: point A to point B in an electronic pulse! With it a new experience was unfolding: information was no longer just local and rooted in immediate context. Instead, ideas and news were now presented in what Shane Hipps called in his book The Hidden Power of Electronic Culture “a mosaic of unrelated data points with not apparent connection.”

Information ceased to be altruistic in nature. It became a hot and immediate commodity, something that could be bought or sold for profit. It began to whisper a new subliminal message that truth itself was in the words of Neil Postman “idiosyncratic” and that “history is irrelevant with no basis for valuing one thing over another.” Under this influence it didn’t take long for Neitzsche to adopt a nihilistic worldview and declare the death of God!

History of Radio Communication
Radio returned us to the tribal campfire where the spoken word and corporate experiences rule. Just as in tribal cultures, the radio allowed us to share songs, stories, news together at the same time, yet far beyond the warmth of a local campfire. Orson Welles’ famous 1938 radio broadcast of the story The War of the Worlds proved this point in a very real and frightening way. This was the first electronic implosion or reversal back to experiencing in some measure a prior form of media: the age of the orator. And although we remained a culture still largely dependent on literacy, radio created a hybrid consumer in that we could be described in radio’s heyday as a tribe of ones. Radio snapped us back to communal methods of learning that were experiential, oral, and corporate…rather than rational, visual, and private.

History of Photographic Communication
During the 19th century we witnessed an amazing convergence of three media technologies when the photography converged with the printing press and the telegraph, allowing images and icons to be produced on a mass scale and sent everywhere at once. In many ways the graphic revolution returned us to the iconic world of the Middle Age. Over time this iconic symbol system began to dissolve our dependence on literacy.

Electronic Age 

Some have begun to call it the Information Revolution. Technological changes brought dramatic new options to Americans living in the 1990s. From the beginning of the decade until the end, new forms of entertainment, commerce, research, work, and communication became commonplace in the United States. The driving force behind much of this change was an innovation popularly known as the Internet.

Personal computers had become widespread by the end of the 1980s. Also available was the ability to connect these computers over local or even national networks. Through a device called a modem, individual users could link their computer to a wealth of information using conventional phone lines. What lay beyond the individual computer was a vast domain of information known as cyberspace.

The INTERNET was developed during the 1970s by the Department of Defense. In the case of an attack, military advisers suggested the advantage of being able to operate one computer from another terminal. In the early days, the Internet was used mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists. The Internet remained under government control until 1984.

One early problem faced by Internet users was speed. Phone lines could only transmit information at a limited rate. The development of FIBER-OPTIC cables allowed for billions of bits of information to be received every minute. Companies like Intel developed faster microprocessors, so personal computers could process the incoming signals at a more rapid rate.

New forms of communication were introduced. ELECTRONIC MAIL, or EMAIL, was a convenient way to send a message to associates or friends. Messages could be sent and received at the convenience of the individual. A letter that took several days to arrive could be read in minutes. Internet service providers like America Online and CompuServe set up electronic chat rooms. These were open areas of cyberspace where interested parties could join in a conversation with perfect strangers.

Mobile Phone

This history focuses on communication devices which connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network. The transmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony. The first mobile telephones were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices. Along with the process of developing more portable technology, drastic changes have taken place in the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use.

Televison

The invention of the television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Individuals and corporations competed in various parts of the world to deliver a device that superseded previous technology. Many were compelled to capitalize on the invention and make profit, while some wanted to change the world through visual and audio communication technology.